Manage control

Drone2Map obtains GPS information from images or an external geolocation file during project setup. At times, projects may require better accuracy than the GPS can provide. For better precision, you can add control to your project. Control refers to points on the earth's surface with a known location that can be used to georeference your images to the correct position. Drone2Map allows you to import control from a file or manually add control from the map.

Note:

Use the following guidelines when working with control:

• You must include at least three control points for them to be taken into account during processing. A minimum of five control points is recommended.
• Between 5 and 10 control points are recommended and are usually sufficient for most projects. More than 10 are not typically required and do not significantly improve the accuracy of your results.
• In projects with complex topography, a higher number of control points will improve the accuracy of your results.
• Control should be evenly distributed throughout your project area to minimize errors in scale and orientation.
• Do not place control points at the outer edges of the project area, as they will only be visible in a limited number of images.

Add control

If you have a file with control points for your project area, import them to Drone2Map or manually create your own.

Import from a CSV or text file

To import from a CSV or text file, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
2. Click Import Control .
3. In the Import Control window, browse to the file with your control, and select it.
4. Click OK.

   The next Import Control window appears, allowing you to define the control parameters.

5. Check the check box if the file contains headers and select the delimiter type. If your control file does not contain headers, map the field to the correct column in the control file.
6. If necessary, update the Control Coordinate System.
The vertical units are derived from the units in the specified x,y coordinate system and will update automatically if changed.
7. If necessary, update your control Vertical Reference.
8. Optionally, import your GCP photos.
9. Click OK.

   The list of control points from the external file appears in the Control Table.

Import from Drone2Map control export

To import from Drone2Map control export, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
2. Click Import Control .
3. In the Import Control window, browse to the control export .zip file, and select it.
4. Click OK.

   Control points from the file appear in the right pane and linked images appear in the left pane.

5. Click OK to import control.

   The list of control points from the export file appears in the GCP table.

Note:

Control imported from a previous Drone2Map export can only be used with the same images that were used when originally exported.

Import from a feature class

To import from a feature class, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
2. Click Import Control .
3. In the Import Control window, browse to the shapefile or the control point feature class, and select it.
4. Click OK.

   The next Import Control window appears, allowing you to define the control parameters.

5. Optionally, check the boxes to use feature geometry and z-values.
If your features have latitude, longitude, and z-value fields, select the corresponding field in the Field Mappings section.
6. If necessary, update the Control Coordinate System.
The vertical units are derived from the units in the specified x,y coordinate system and will update automatically if changed.
7. If necessary, update your control Vertical Reference.
8. Optionally, import your GCP photos or use feature attachments if your feature class includes photo attachments.
9. Click OK.

Import from a hosted feature layer

To import from a hosted feature layer, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
2. Click Import Control .
3. In the Import Control window, browse to the folder that contains your hosted feature layer and select the hosted feature layer containing your control.
4. If your hosted feature layer contains multiple layers, click the Point Features drop-down list and select the correct layer.
5. Click OK.

   The next Import Control window appears, allowing you to define the control parameters.

6. Optionally, check the boxes to use feature geometry and z-values.
If your features have latitude, longitude, and z-value fields, select the corresponding field in the Field Mappings section.
7. If necessary, update the Control Coordinate System.
The vertical units are derived from the units in the specified x,y coordinate system and will update automatically if changed.
8. If necessary, update your control Vertical Reference.
9. Optionally, import your GCP photos or use feature attachments if your hosted feature layer includes photo attachments.
10. Click OK.

Add from a map

To add from a map, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
2. Click Add from Map .
3. Click an easily identifiable point on the imagery basemap or another image added from your portal.

   To add more control from the map, click the Add Control button on the ribbon for each new control point.

Note:

By default, ground control points added from the map will take the z-values from the topmost elevation surface in the Elevation Surfaces section of the Contents pane. If there is an offset between output products and the elevation surface, it is likely that the WorldElevation3D/Terrain3D layer was used for adjustment. For more accurate adjustments, use a local DEM and ensure it is the top layer in the Elevation Surfaces section when adding ground control points from the map.

Control type

Drone2Map allows you to set your control as a Ground Control Point or Check Point.

Ground control points (GCPs) are used to georeference the model. If you have more GCPs in a project than necessary to accurately scale, rotate, and locate, some of the GCPs can be used as checkpoints to assess the accuracy of the project. GCPs improve the relative and the absolute accuracy of the model.

Checkpoints (CPs) are used to assess the absolute accuracy of the model. The image links for the checkpoints are used to estimate the model's 3D position as well as potential errors in the placement of the checkpoints. This way, the relative accuracy in the area of the checkpoints may improve. The difference between the initial and the computed positions of the checkpoints is displayed in the Processing Report, and it gives an estimation of the absolute accuracy of the model in the region.

There are two ways to set your control type.

From the control tool

To set the control type using the control tool, complete the following steps:

1. Select one or more control points.
2. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
3. Click Control Type .
4. In the Update Control Type window, choose Ground Control Point or Check Point from the drop-down list.
In the control table, the type field is updated for the selected control points.

From the image links editor

To set the control type in the Image Links Editor, complete the following steps:

1. On the Home tab, click the Image Links Editor button .
2. In the Control Point section in the upper right corner of the window, use the arrows to page through your control points until the desired control point is featured.
3. Click the Control Point Type drop-down list and select the control type.
In the control table, the type field is updated for the featured control point.

Export control

The Export Control tool allows you to save your control and associated linked images as an external file. This way, you can reuse them in future projects.

1. To export your control, use the Select tool to select the control points you want to export.
2. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
3. Click Export Control .
4. Choose a location to save the .zip file.

   Control files are exported from Drone2Map as .zip files.

5. Click Save.

Note:

Control imported from a previous Drone2Map export can only be used with the same images that were used when originally exported.

Remove control

To remove control from your project, complete the following steps:

1. Use the Select tool to select the control points you want to remove.
2. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
3. Click Remove Control .
4. Click Yes to confirm you want to remove the selected control.

Control Manager

The Control Manager displays information about your placed control points and provides quick access to common control operations.

To open the Control Manager, click the Control Manager button on the Home tab.

Control operations

Use the Control Manager to access the following:

• Image links editor —See Image links editor for linking your control points with your images.
• Add control from map —See Add control from map for adding control points using a basemap.
• Import control —See Import control for importing control points from an external source.
• Filter control —Allows you to filter control points by type. To filter by control point type, click the Filter control drop-down list in the Control Manager and check all types that apply. When a control point type is not available, that filter will be disabled.
• Remove selected —See Remove control for removing select control points from your project.

Control accuracy

When you process a project with linked ground control points, each point is provided an accuracy value in meters for x (dX), y (dY), and z (dZ) in the Control Manager window. These values are the ground control points shift from their initial position after the block adjustment has been run. Values closer to zero are generally considered to be more accurate to the GCP's original location. Once a ground control point has been adjusted, each individual image links within the Image Links Editor will also display a Reprojection Error above the image viewer. The Reprojection Error can be used to refine ground control point adjustment by eliminating or adjusting image links that have too high of a reprojection error. This helps adjust the imagery closer to the original GCP position and ideally provides for more accurate products.

A summary of each ground control point's overall reprojection error and additional statistics regarding accuracy can also be found in the processing report.

Adjust control accuracy

Ground control points are import or created with a horizontal and vertical accuracy value. This can be adjusted after the point has been created in the project using the following steps:

1. Select a control point.
2. On the Home tab, click the Control drop-down list.
3. Click Control Accuracy.

   The Control Accuracy button can also be accessed through the Control Manager pane by clicking the Manage drop-down menu.

4. In the Control Accuracy window, enter in the new values for horizontal or veritical accuracy.
5. Click OK.

The selected control point is updated with the new accuracy values and will use them during the adjustment processing step.

Control information

The following table describes the attributes of the control information.

Parameter	Description
Label	Displays the unique identifier for the control point.
Type	Displays whether the control point type is GCP or Check Point.
Latitude	Displays the latitude or y-coordinate of the GCP.
Longitude	Displays the longitude or x-coordinate of the GCP.
Elevation	Displays the elevation of the GCP.
Image Links	Displays the number of linked images for a specific control point. The control point must be linked to at least two images. Linking to three to eight images is recommended.
Accuracy Horizontal	Displays the horizontal accuracy in meters of the control point.
Accuracy Vertical	Displays the vertical accuracy in meters of the control point.

Image links editor

To apply control, links are created between each control point and corresponding images. Links can be created either manually or computer assisted. Manually linking control points to images is the preferred method when processing projects unattended, such as overnight processing, in which there is no intervention by the user throughout processing. Assisted linking of control points requires initial processing to be run, and significantly reduces the amount of time required to link control points to images.

Manual links

To create the image control links, complete the following steps:

1. Import control or add control from the map.
2. On the Home tab or in the Control Manager pane, click the Image Links Editor button .

   The image links editor opens and displays information about the selected control point, the control point type, and a list of the images on the left. The list of images is ordered by distance from the GCP or Check Point.

3. In the images list, select an image to which the control should be linked.

   The selected image appears in the preview window.

4. Use the built-in map controls or your mouse to navigate the image. Use the rotate images buttons to orient the images to match the map. Place the crosshairs of the pointer in the image that corresponds to the control point and click to create or adjust the link.

   A yellow X marks the point on the image. To redo the link, click another location. To remove the link, click Remove Link.

5. To move to the next control point, select the control point from the Control Point drop-down list. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each control point. Create a minimum of two links per image. Additional links are recommended for best results.
Optionally, set some control points as Check Points using the Control Point Type drop-down list at the top of the Image Links window.

Assisted links

Drone2Map can estimate the location of control points in images after initial processing has completed, which can significantly decrease the time it takes to add control to your project. When an image link is applied to an image in the image links editor, the image collection is queried, returning all images that share the image link coordinates.

Assisted image links are created using the image collection. Before Drone2Map can estimate the location of control points, you must first run the Adjust Images processing step to create the image collection. It is not necessary to process 2D Products or 3D Products. Disabling the 2D and 3D products allows you to run the processing with only the Adjust Images processing step selected and minimizes the time it takes to link control points.

When setting the Tie Point Options Image Scale value in the Adjust Images processing options, it is recommended that you choose a scale that matches the intended scale of your final product. Selecting a smaller scale will decrease the accuracy of automatic image links, and changing the scale on subsequent processing will require Drone2Map to recalculate keypoints, increasing the overall processing time of your project.

The Refine Adjustment parameter can be enabled under Tie Point Options to automatically adjust the image scale to obtain the best result for tie point generation. See Processing options for more details about Adjust Images.

To create assisted image links, first import control, add control from the map, or add manual tie points. See Add control for more information. Then, complete the following steps:

1. From the Manage pane, uncheck the boxes for all products except Image Collection.

   Only the Adjust Images processing step should be enabled in the Manage pane.

2. Click the Start button to begin processing.
3. On the Home tab or in the Control Manager pane, click the Image Links Editor button .

   The image links editor opens and displays information about the selected control point, the control point type, and a list of the images on the left.

4. In the images list, select an image to which the control should be linked.

   The selected image appears in the preview window.

5. Use the built-in map controls or your mouse to navigate the image. Use the rotate images buttons to orient the images to match the map. Place the crosshairs of the pointer in the image that corresponds to the control point and click to create or adjust the link.

   A yellow X marks the point on the image. To redo the link, click another location. To remove the link, click Remove Link.

6. Click the Estimate Links button in the lower left corner of the image link editor window.

   After placing the first image link for the current control point, Drone2Map can estimate the location of image links for all remaining images of the currently selected control point. Only images with estimated link locations will be displayed in the images list and will be denoted with an assisted image link icon .

   Note:

   If you are using estimated links and find that the original ground control point used for estimates needs to be adjusted, the estimates will also need to be re-created. Do this by clicking the Clear Links button for the ground control point, adjusting its position, and pressing the Estimate Links button.

   Note:

   Processing the Adjust Images step at a higher keypoint image scale or using the Refine Adjustment option will increase the accuracy of automatic image links. Estimated points will still not be as accurate as ground control points captured by ground survey. However, using them should improve project accuracy, and the same recommendations apply.

   Note:

   It is possible that the image to which you want to add an image link has an accuracy below the threshold listed in the image list. In this case, you can check the Show all images check box to view images without estimations.

7. In the list of images, select each image with an assisted image link icon and review the location of the assisted image link.

The selected image appears in the preview window with the estimated location of the image link. Image link estimations are marked with a blue crosshairs icon .

8. Click the Auto Link button to automatically convert all of the control estimation links to an image link .
The Auto Link process converts all control estimation links to image links . You can remove any estimation links you don't want by clicking the image in the list of images and clicking the Remove Link button. If none of the estimates are suitable for linking, you can use the Clear Estimates button to go back to manually linking images.
Images in the image list that do not have a check mark will not be considered by Drone2Map when calculating control.
9. To move to the next control point, select the control point from the Control Point drop-down list. Repeat steps 4 through 8 for each control point. Create a minimum of two control point links per image. Additional links are recommended for best results.

If you have more than the recommended number of GCPs within the project area, optionally set some control as Check Points  using the Control Point Type  drop-down list at the top of the Image Links  window.

Control photos

Taking photos of your GCPs' locations during field collection provides a reminder of what each control point looked like and makes it easier to properly mark the correct control during project setup. Drone2Map provides multiple ways to import your control photos along with your control points.

Import with control

You can add photos when importing from a .csv or text file, file geodatabase, or hosted feature layer and view the photos while linking your control with your drone images. To add your control photos using this method, complete the following steps:

Note:

When importing your control photos, control labels must match the control photo file name.

1. After you have selected the import control method and clicked OK, click the Browse button in the Control Photos (optional) section of the Import Control window.
2. Browse to the folder with your control photos, and click OK.
3. Select whether the Control Photo Extension is included in the name of the control in your .csv or text file, feature class, or hosted feature layer. If your list of control does not include the photo extension, select the appropriate photo extension from the list.
4. Complete the remainder of the steps from the appropriate section above to import your control.

   When a control point is featured in the image links editor, you can switch the control photo on and off by clicking the photo button below the image links window navigation controls. When clicked, the control photo opens in a small window. Click the blue arrow to expand the window.

Import after control

You can add photos to all control points after they have been imported. This uses the same method as importing with control, but through a separate window. To add your control photos using this method, complete the following steps:

1. From the Home tab, click the Control button drop-down menu.
2. Within the drop-down options, click the Import Control Photos button .

   The Import Control Photos button can also be accessed through the Control Manager pane by clicking the Manage drop-down menu.

   The Import Control Photos window appears.

3. Click the Browse button to open the Browse for Image Folder window.
4. Browse to the folder with your control photos, and click OK.
5. Select whether the Control Photo Extension is included in the label field of your control points. If your control points do not include the photo extension within the label field, select the appropriate photo extension from the list.
6. Click OK to import the control photos to the control points.

   If no photos that match the label field for the control points are found, you will receive a warning dialog box.

   If the same control points are being imported twice, you will also receive a warning.

Import an individual photo

You can add a photo to a single control point through the Image Links Editor. This does not require the labeling field to be configured before you import the photo or any renaming of the image itself. To add your control photo using this method, complete the following steps:

1. From the Home tab, click the Image Links Editor button .

   The Image Links window appears.

2. Use the Control Point drop-down menu to select the desired control point.
3. Within the image links editor window, click the Control Photo button .

   If a control photo already exists for the point, it will appear in a separate window within the image links editor.

   If a control photo does not exist for the point, you will be asked whether you want to add one.

4. Click Yes if you want to add a photo.
5. Browse to the image file and click OK.

   The image is added to the control point and appears in the image links editor window.

Import as attachments

Tools such as ArcGIS Collector allow you to add attachments to your features. When ArcGIS Collector is used to capture your control, Drone2Map allows you to import your photo attachments along with the control features when importing from a feature class or a hosted feature layer. During the import process, when you select a point feature class or hosted feature layer that has attachments, Use Features Attachments is checked by default. Leave it checked and Drone2Map will import your photo attachments to your project.