To ensure that all surveys you author work consistently in both the field app and the web app, you must use decimal time when writing time calculations. There are two ways you can represent time in Survey123: Epoch time and decimal time.
Epoch and decimal time
Epoch and decimal time are different ways of storing time as a value, both defined by the amount of time elapsed since January 1, 1970. Epoch time (also known as UNIX time due to being widely used in UNIX and UNIX-like systems) stores time as the amount of milliseconds since this point, while decimal time is stored as the amount of days since the same point.
| Human readable time | Epoch time | Decimal time |
|---|---|---|
January 1, 1980 | 31311360000 | 3652 |
This is important because, while the Survey123 field app supports both Epoch time and decimal time, the Survey123 web app only supports decimal time. If your survey needs to work on the web (either by itself or along with the field app), you must calculate some dates using decimal time. In particular, this is needed for calculating a duration, for example, calculating an amount of days or seconds, or those that involve the addition or subtraction of date times.
For these types of calculations, perform a calculation on a decimal date format value, perform the calculation, and convert the result to a date value. This sample equation converts a decimal date returned from the now() function, adds 14 days to it, and converts the result back to a date.
date(decimal-date-time(now()) + 14)
You can then use the date returned by this function to update a date in your survey or submit it as part of your survey.
When adding or subtracting from a date value, you must also use decimal days. Use the following table as a reference for how decimal time equates to human-readable time and Epoch time.
| Human-readable time | Epoch time | Decimal time |
|---|---|---|
1 second | 1000 | 0.00001157407407 (1 / 24 / 60 / 60) |
1 minute | 60,000 (1000 * 60) | 0.00069444444444 (1 / 24 / 60) |
1 hour | 3600000 (1000 * 60 * 60) | 0.04166666666667 (1 / 24) |
1 day | 86400000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24) | 1 |
1 week | 604800000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 ) | 7 |
1 month | 2630880000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30.45) | 30.45 |
1 year | 31557600000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365.25) | 365.25 |
Migrating surveys
If you have existing surveys that were created using Epoch-based time calculations, you must convert them to decimal time to function correctly in the Survey123 web app. The following are some examples of expressions converted from Epoch to decimal time:
| Objective | Epoch time calculation | Decimal time calculation |
|---|---|---|
15 minutes into the future | now() + 15*60*1000 | date-time(decimal-date-time(now()) + 0.0104166675) |
Two weeks into the future | now() + 14*24*60*60*1000 | date(decimal-date-time(now()) + 14) |
Time spent for lunch in minutes | int(${LunchEnd} - ${LunchStart}) div (1000*60) | int((decimal-date-time(${lunchends}) - decimal-date-time(${lunchstarts})) * 24*60) |
Calculate age from a birthday (in years) | int((today() - ${birth_date}) div (1000*24*60*60* 365.25)) | int((decimal-date-time(today()) - decimal-date-time(${birth_date})) div 365.25) |
Once you have an understanding of the changes needed for your own survey, the update process is as follows:
- In Survey123 Connect, update any Epoch-based time calculations to use decimal date calculations. It's recommended that you save a backup of the XLSForm before proceeding.
- Test the updated calculations in the Survey123 Connect preview to ensure they work as expected.
- Republish the survey. Updates to calculations do not trigger a republishing of the feature layer, so no existing data will be lost by doing this.
- Have field users update the survey in the Survey123 field app.