Decimal date time

To ensure that all surveys you author work consistently in both the field app and the web app, you will need to use decimal time when writing time calculations. There are two ways you can represent time in Survey123: Epoch time and decimal time.

Epoch and decimal time

Epoch and decimal time are different ways of storing time as a value, both defined by the amount of time elapsed since January 1, 1970. Epoch time (also known as UNIX time due to being widely used in UNIX and UNIX-like systems) stores time as the amount of milliseconds since this point, while decimal time is stored as the amount of days since the same point.

Human readable time	Epoch time	Decimal time
January 1, 1980	31311360000	3652

This is important because, while the Survey123 field app supports both Epoch time and decimal time, the Survey123 web app only supports decimal time. If your survey needs to work on the web (either by itself or along with the field app), some of your date calculations will need to be done using decimal time. In particular, this is needed for calculating a duration, for example, calculating an amount of days or seconds, or those that involve the addition or subtraction of date times.

For these types of calculations, you will need to convert a date value (derived from either a question in your survey or a function such as now() or today()) to a decimal date format, perform the calculation, and convert the result back to a date value. This sample equation converts a date returned from the now() function, adds 14 days to it, and converts the result back to a date object.

date(decimal-date-time(now()) + 14)

The date object returned by this function can then be used to update a date control in your survey or submitted as part of your survey.

When adding or subtracting from a date value, you will also need to work with decimal days. Use the following table as a reference for how decimal time equates to human-readable time and Epoch time.

Human-readable time	Epoch time	Decimal time
1 second	1000	0.00001157407407 (1 / 24 / 60 / 60)
1 minute	60,000 (1000 * 60)	0.00069444444444 (1 / 24 / 60)
1 hour	3600000 (1000 * 60 * 60)	0.04166666666667 (1 / 24)
1 day	86400000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)	1
1 week	604800000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 )	7
1 month	2630880000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30.45)	30.45
1 year	31557600000 (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365.25)	365.25

Migrating surveys

If you have existing surveys that were created using Epoch-based time calculations, they will need to be converted to decimal time to function correctly in the Survey123 web app. The following are some examples of expressions converted from Epoch to decimal time:

Objective	Epoch time calculation	Decimal time calculation
15 minutes into the future	now() + 15*60*1000	date-time(decimal-date-time(now()) + 0.0104166675)
Two weeks into the future	now() + 14*24*60*60*1000	date(decimal-date-time(now()) + 14)
Time spent for lunch in minutes	int(${LunchEnd} - ${LunchStart}) div (1000*60)	int((decimal-date-time(${lunchends}) - decimal-date-time(${lunchstarts})) * 24*60)
Calculate age from a birthday (in years)	int((today() - ${birth_date}) div (1000*24*60*60* 365.25))	int((decimal-date-time(today()) - decimal-date-time(${birth_date})) div 365.25)

Once you have an understanding of the changes needed for your own survey, the update process is as follows:

1. In Survey123 Connect, update any Epoch-based time calculations to use decimal date time. It's recommended that you save a backup of the XLSForm before proceeding.
2. Test the updated calculations in the Survey123 Connect preview to ensure they work as expected.
3. Republish the survey. Updates to calculations do not trigger a republishing of the feature layer, so no existing data will be lost by doing this.
4. Have field users update their devices with the latest version of the Survey123 field app.
5. Have field users download the updated survey.

Note:

Any existing surveys on the device in Drafts or Outbox can be submitted without issue at any point in this process.