Essential Esri imagery and raster terms

Vocabulary	Description
Image versus raster	Image and raster are two terms that are often interchanged. A raster is a cell-based data model, each cell contains a value in a matrix of rows and columns. A raster is a generic two-dimensional pictorial representation. Typical rasters include thematic, categorical, multidimensional, and elevation data. An image is a raster collected by a sensor, such as a satellite, aerial, or drone sensor. The sensor collects one or more bands of imagery, each with a specific wavelength interval on the electromagnetic spectrum. An images is stored in a raster data model. A raster defines the pixels (cells) in rows and columns, the number of bands, and the bit depth that composes the image. All images are rasters, but not all rasters are considered images. For example, a digital elevation model (DEM) is a cell-based raster dataset, but is typically not considered an image. Other types of rasters that are not considered images per se are magnetic data, interferogram, bathymetric data, multidimensional, and other grid-based data sets. You might also hear rasters being referred to as cell-based datasets, but this is not typically used within ArcGIS documentation.
Pixels and cells	Pixel is often used synonymously with cell. Both pixel and cell refer to the smallest unit of information in a image or raster data. Pixel is an abbreviation for picture element, and is often used when describing imagery, whereas cell is often used when describing raster data. Pixels and cells have a dimension and value. They represent information such as temperature, soil types, elevation, and real-world features, such as parks, lakes, roads, and buildings.
Resolution	Resolution, scale, and pixel size are often associated with the spatial measurement of an object in an image. However, determining what can be resolved in an image depends on four types of resolution: Spatial—Relates to scale and cell size, and is sometimes referred to as ground sample distance. Spatial resolution (also known as cell size) is the dimension of the area covered on the ground and represented by a single cell. Scale is the ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map (or image) and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. The spatial resolution or cell size affects the level of details represented by an image at a particular scale. Spectral—Describes the wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum used to create the image. Spectral resolution often refers to the number of bands, or channels, with an interval of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as the band width within the spectrum. Radiometric—Describes the ability of a sensor to distinguish objects viewed in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is often represented by the bit depth, or sensitivity, of the sensor. Typical sensors have 8bit, 11bit 12bit or 16bit depth per band; the higher the bit depth the higher the sensitivity and radiometric resolution of the sensor. Temporal—Refers to the frequency at which images are captured over the same location on the earth's surface.
Bands	Rasters can have one or more bands, or channels, that are designated by a specific wavelength range. Multiband rasters are often referred to as multispectral images, and rasters with up to hundreds of bands are often referred to as hyperspectral images. Multispectral, superspectral, and hyperspectral sensors usually feature bands with non-overlapping wavelength intervals to support reliable analytical image processing. A single-band raster dataset represents a single phenomenon, such as elevation, or only one wavelength range within the electromagnetic spectrum, such as a black-and-white aerial photograph.
Raster format versus raster type	A raster format defines how pixels are stored in a file, such as the number of rows and columns, number of bands, actual pixel values, and other raster format-specific parameters. The raster type helps identify metadata, such as georeferencing, acquisition date, and sensor type, along with a raster format.
Raster product	Raster products are designed to make adding imagery from specific sensors or data providers to your map easier because each raster product has a unique set of enhancements and band combinations to provide an optimal view of your data. Raster products appear in the Catalog pane, and utilize the metadata files associated with specific vendor products. It is the information in the metadata files that is used to generate the raster products, such as multispectral or pan-sharpened imagery from satellites such as Landsat.
Rendering	Raster datasets can be displayed in your map in many different ways. How a raster dataset is displayed depends on what type of data it contains and what you want to show. Some rasters have a predefined color scheme—a color map—that is automatically used to display them. For those that don't, you can adjust the default as needed.
Functions	Functions enable you to define and apply on-the-fly processing to one or more rasters, but this processing is not permanently applied to the rasters; it is applied dynamically as the rasters are accessed.
Methods of storage: Data models
Raster dataset	A raster dataset is any valid raster format organized into one or more bands. Each band consists of an array of pixels (cells), and each pixel has a value. A raster dataset has at least one band. More than one raster dataset can be spatially appended (mosaicked) together into a larger, single, continuous raster dataset.
Mosaic dataset	A mosaic dataset is a collection of raster datasets (e.g. images) stored in a catalog and viewed or accessed as a single mosaicked image or individual images (rasters). These collections can be extremely large both in total file size and number of raster datasets. The raster data is added according to its raster type—which identifies metadata, such as georeferencing, acquisition date, and sensor type, along with a raster format. The raster datasets in a mosaic dataset can remain in their native format on disk or, if required, be loaded into the geodatabase. The metadata is managed within the raster record as well as attributes in the attribute table. Storing metadata as attributes enables parameters such as sensor orientation data to be managed easily and used to process each raster within the mosaic appropriately. Metadata is also leveraged to enable fast queries for image selection.
Using mosaic in ArcGIS
There are several ways in which the term mosaic is used in ArcGIS: Mosaic dataset—A data model within the geodatabase used to manage a collection of raster datasets (images) stored as a catalog and viewed as a mosaicked image (this is further described above). It is created and edited using geoprocessing tools in the Mosaic Dataset toolset. Mosaicked image—The image or raster displayed in your view that is derived from two or more images. Generally, you view the mosaicked image when viewing a mosaic dataset. Mosaicking—Describes the actions of combining or merging multiple raster datasets.