Darcy Flow (Spatial Analyst)

Available with Spatial Analyst license.

Summary

Calculates the groundwater volume balance residual and other outputs for steady flow in an aquifer.

Learn more about how Darcy Flow and Darcy Velocity work

Usage

• The differences between Darcy Flow and Darcy Velocity are:

  • Darcy Flow produces an output volume raster; Darcy Velocity does not.
  • Darcy Velocity outputs only direction and magnitude rasters as required output; Darcy Flow optionally produces these outputs.

• All input rasters must have the same extent and cell size.

• All input rasters must be floating point.

• The direction of the velocity vector is recorded in compass coordinates (degrees clockwise from north), the magnitude in units of length over time.

• No particular system of units is specified by this tool. Data should be consistent, using the same unit for time (seconds, days, years) and length (feet, meters) for all data.

• The head elevation raster can come from a variety of sources. It can be interpolated from observation well data by using one of the surface interpolation tools, such as Kriging or Spline. The head values can also be obtained from the results of a separate modeling program.

  However the head elevation raster is obtained, the head must be consistent with the transmissivity raster; that is, the head must reflect the flow through the transmissivity field. It is not sufficient to use values obtained by measurement and testing in the field—the rasterized values must be analyzed for consistency with the aid of a proper porous medium flow program. Consistency implies that the heads would actually be produced by the modeled transmissivity field. Since the true and modeled transmissivity fields often differ in practice, the true and modeled head fields differ, as well. Check the heads for consistency by examining the residual raster produced by Darcy Flow. The residual will reflect the consistency of the dataset. Any analysis using Darcy Velocity on inconsistent datasets will produce meaningless results.

• The effective porosity field, a physical property of the aquifer, is generally estimated from geological data. It is defined as the volume of void space that contributes to fluid flow divided by the entire volume. Porosity is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with typical values around 0.35, and is dimensionless. A value of effective porosity of 0.35 means that 35 percent of the volume of the porous medium contributes to fluid flow. The remaining 65 percent, consisting of solid matrix and unconnected pores, does not contribute to fluid flow.

• The saturated thickness, measured in units of length, is interpreted from geological information. For a confined aquifer, this measure is the thickness of the formation between the upper and lower confining layers. For an unconfined aquifer, the saturated thickness is the distance between the water table and the lower confining layer.

• The output rasters are floating point.

• See Analysis environments and Spatial Analyst for additional details on the geoprocessing environments that apply to this tool.

Parameters

Dialog

Label	Explanation	Data Type
Input groundwater head elevation raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the groundwater head elevation at that location. The head is typically an elevation above some datum, such as mean sea level.	Raster Layer
Input effective formation porosity raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the effective formation porosity at that location.	Raster Layer
Input saturated thickness raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the saturated thickness at that location. The value for the thickness is interpreted from geological properties of the aquifer.	Raster Layer
Input formation transmissivity raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the formation transmissivity at that location. The transmissivity of an aquifer is defined as the hydraulic conductivity K times the saturated aquifer thickness b, as units of length squared over time. This property is generally estimated from field experimental data such as pumping tests. Tables 1 and 2 in How Darcy Flow and Darcy Velocity work list ranges of hydraulic conductivities for some generalized geologic materials.	Raster Layer
Output direction raster (Optional)	The output flow direction raster. Each cell value represents the direction of the seepage velocity vector (average linear velocity) at the center of the cell, calculated as the average value of the seepage velocity through the four faces of the cell. It is used with the output magnitude raster to describe the flow vector.	Raster Dataset
Output magnitude raster (Optional)	An optional output raster where each cell value represents the magnitude of the seepage velocity vector (average linear velocity) at the center of the cell, calculated as the average value of the seepage velocity through the four faces of the cell. It is used with the output direction raster to describe the flow vector.	Raster Dataset

Return Value

Label	Explanation	Data Type
Output groundwater volume balance residual raster	The output volume balance residual raster. Each cell value represents the groundwater volume balance residual for steady flow in an aquifer, as determined by Darcy's Law.	Raster

Python

DarcyFlow(in_head_raster, in_porosity_raster, in_thickness_raster, in_transmissivity_raster, {out_direction_raster}, {out_magnitude_raster})

Name	Explanation	Data Type
in_head_raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the groundwater head elevation at that location. The head is typically an elevation above some datum, such as mean sea level.	Raster Layer
in_porosity_raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the effective formation porosity at that location.	Raster Layer
in_thickness_raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the saturated thickness at that location. The value for the thickness is interpreted from geological properties of the aquifer.	Raster Layer
in_transmissivity_raster	The input raster where each cell value represents the formation transmissivity at that location. The transmissivity of an aquifer is defined as the hydraulic conductivity K times the saturated aquifer thickness b, as units of length squared over time. This property is generally estimated from field experimental data such as pumping tests. Tables 1 and 2 in How Darcy Flow and Darcy Velocity work list ranges of hydraulic conductivities for some generalized geologic materials.	Raster Layer
out_direction_raster (Optional)	The output flow direction raster. Each cell value represents the direction of the seepage velocity vector (average linear velocity) at the center of the cell, calculated as the average value of the seepage velocity through the four faces of the cell. It is used with the output magnitude raster to describe the flow vector.	Raster Dataset
out_magnitude_raster (Optional)	An optional output raster where each cell value represents the magnitude of the seepage velocity vector (average linear velocity) at the center of the cell, calculated as the average value of the seepage velocity through the four faces of the cell. It is used with the output direction raster to describe the flow vector.	Raster Dataset

Return Value

Name	Explanation	Data Type
out_volume_raster	The output volume balance residual raster. Each cell value represents the groundwater volume balance residual for steady flow in an aquifer, as determined by Darcy's Law.	Raster

Code sample

DarcyFlow example 1 (Python window)

This example calculates the groundwater volume balance raster as well as the flow direction and seepage velocity of an aquifer.

import arcpy
from arcpy import env
from arcpy.sa import *
env.workspace = "C:/sapyexamples/data"
outDarcyFlow = DarcyFlow("gwhead", "gwporo", "gwthick","gwtrans", 
                         "C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcydir",
                         "C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcymag")
outDarcyFlow.save("C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcyflo")

DarcyFlow example 2 (stand-alone script)

This example calculates the groundwater volume balance raster as well as the flow direction and seepage velocity of an aquifer.

# Name: DarcyFlow_Ex_02.py
# Description: Calculates the groundwater volume balance residual and other
#    outputs for steady flow in an aquifer.
# Requirements: Spatial Analyst Extension

# Import system modules
import arcpy
from arcpy import env
from arcpy.sa import *

# Set environment settings
env.workspace = "C:/sapyexamples/data"

# Set local variables
inHeadRaster = "gwhead"
inPorosityRaster = "gwporo"
inThicknessRaster = "gwthick"
inTransmissivityRaster = "gwtrans"
outDirectionRaster = "C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcydir"
outMagnitudeRaster = "C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcymag"

# Execute DarcyFlow
outDarcyFlow = DarcyFlow(inHeadRaster, inPorosityRaster, inThicknessRaster,
                         inTransmissivityRaster, outDirectionRaster,
                         outMagnitudeRaster)

# Save the output 
outDarcyFlow.save("C:/sapyexamples/output/outdarcyflow")

Environments

Auto Commit, Cell Size, Cell Size Projection Method, Current Workspace, Extent, Geographic Transformations, Output CONFIG Keyword, Output Coordinate System, Scratch Workspace, Snap Raster, Tile Size